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No federal permit to keep

Hump-head

Cyrtocara moorii

Fishes › Cichlids (Cichliformes) › Cichlidae (Cichlids)

Cyrtocara moorii, commonly known as the hump-head, is a species of haplochromine cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi in east Africa where they prefer areas with sandy substrates.

Aquarium hobby

Experience: Intermediate

Hump-head — Photo: (c) Brian Gratwicke, some rights reserved (CC BY), CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist

Photo: (c) Brian Gratwicke, some rights reserved (CC BY), CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist

FamilyCichlids

Adult lengthup to 9.8 in

WaterFreshwater

Care at a glance

Species-specific aquarium care

Tank: At least 42 in long and 15 in front to back for one adult (adults commonly reach about 7.9 in / 20 cm).
Water: Freshwater.
Temperature: 75–79°F (range recorded for this species).
pH: 7.2–8.8.
Hardness: 10–18 dGH.
Layout: Uses both the bottom and open water: give open swimming space plus cover near the substrate.

Calculated from this species' own FishBase record: tank size from its typical adult length and swimming zone, water values from its recorded ranges. The group guide below fills in general care.

Care guide

Species care notes

Tank: a base of at least 59 × 15 in (roughly 68 US gallons); space needed is rated “very large tank”.
Water: hard, alkaline water, 77–84 °F, pH 7.5–8.8, 10–25 dGH.
Behaviour: temperament peaceful; a shoaling fish best kept in a group of six or more.
Difficulty: Moderate (Seriously Fish rating).

Short excerpts from the species profile:

Setup: “Provide a substrate of sand and plenty of open swimming space.”
Diet: “It's a micro- predator by nature, so the bulk of the diet should be composed of live and frozen foods.”
Tankmates: “Peaceful and should not be kept with boisterous species such as mbuna but will intimidate small fish with its sheer size.”

From the Seriously Fish profile for this species, which has the full habitat, maintenance, diet, behaviour and breeding write-up 167

Group care guide

Lake Malawi peacocks and haps

Applies to most species in this group. Habitat: Open water and sand of Lake Malawi. Individual species can differ, so compare with the species numbers above and the linked sources.

Housing & setup

Hard, alkaline water (pH 7.8–8.6), a long tank (5 ft+ for larger haps) with open sand and some rock.
Generally less aggressive than mbuna; males color up best with several females.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Climate & lighting

Water

76–82°F

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Diet

For Aulonocara stuartgranti, use small prepared foods with some vegetable content and varied small live/frozen invertebrates. Match other haps to their own feeding ecology.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Health watch

Do not diagnose bloat from a label such as “mbuna-style food”; Aulonocara stuartgranti diets can include vegetable foods. Match food and tankmates to the species.

Sources 117 119 164 118 272

Understanding the animal

About this animal

It can grow to a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL. The species is popular among aquarium keepers where it is known as the hump-head cichlid, blue dolphin cichlid, Malawi dolphin or simply as moorii. It is currently the only known member of its genus.

Quoted from the Wikipedia article “Cyrtocara” (CC BY-SA 4.0) 174

In the wild

From this species’ own FishBase record (habitat, bottom type, water and breeding data), not its family. Good care copies these conditions.¹

Where it lives	Lives in freshwater. Uses both the bottom and open water. Occurs over sandy bottoms in rather shallow water.
Water it lives in	Freshwater, 75–79 °F (24–26 °C), pH 7.2–8.8, hardness 10–18 dH, depth 3–15 m.
Climate	Tropical climate.
Behavior to plan for	Breeding: external brooders, maternal parental care.

What this means for care

Keep water within its wild range, 75–79 °F.
Parents guard eggs or young, so expect territorial behavior when breeding.

FishBase species summary: Cyrtocara moorii

Native climate (measured)

Warm-season highs	about 88°F (up to 90°F in the hottest sampled areas)
Cool-season lows	about 61°F (down to 56°F in the coldest sampled areas)
Average temperature	73–76°F across sampled records
Relative humidity	67–70% on average (driest month about 56%)
Rainfall	about 1271 mm a year, with strong wet and dry seasons

Measured at 9 wild occurrence records sampled against WorldClim 2.1 climate data (1970–2000 averages). Air conditions in the range are ecological context, not enclosure settings: microhabitats such as burrows, leaf litter or basking rocks can be cooler, warmer or more humid.

From the sources

Quoted from the matching sections of reputable sources for this exact species. Specialist databases are used first; Wikipedia (community-edited, CC BY-SA 4.0) only fills gaps. Other sources are short credited quotes.

Overview	Cyrtocara moorii, commonly known as the hump-head, is a species of haplochromine cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi in east Africa where they prefer areas with sandy substrates. It can grow to a length of 20 cm TL. The species is popular among aquarium keepers where it is known as the hump-head cichlid, blue dolphin cichlid, Malawi dolphin or simply as moorii. It is currently the only known member of its genus. — Wikipedia (community-edited)
Where it lives	Home ranges Population dynamics Growth parameters Max. ages / sizes Length-weight rel. Length-frequencies Mass conversion Recruitment Abundance Life cycle Reproduction Maturity Maturity/Gills rel. — FishBase
Reproduction	Female takes brood into her mouth and takes care of the young. — FishBase
Appearance and size	They are varying shades of blue, ranging from turquoise to a silvery-blue, and grow a distinctive hump on their forehead. The male is usually brighter blue than the female. — Wikipedia (community-edited)
Biology	Occurs over sandy bottoms in rather shallow water. — FishBase

Data and studies

The numbers

Each bar is what one source reports. Where several sources weigh in, the dashed gold band marks their average.

Adult length

Average of sources8.9in

FishBase 1647.9

Seriously Fish species profiles 1679.8

Maximum recorded length. Measured as total length. Fish in home aquariums often stay smaller than wild records.

Water temperature

Average of sources76–81.5°F

FishBase 16475–79

Seriously Fish species profiles 16777–84

Range the species tolerates in nature; aim for the middle.

pH

Average of sources7.3–8.8

FishBase 1647.2–8.8

Seriously Fish species profiles 1677.5–8.8

Water hardness

Average of sources10–21.5dGH

FishBase 16410–18

Seriously Fish species profiles 16710–25

Minimum tank footprint

Reported59in

Seriously Fish species profiles 16759

Seriously Fish recommends a tank base of at least 59 × 15 in (about 68 US gallons).

Federal legal snapshot

No federal permit to keep

No federal law singles out this species for private keepers. State and local rules still apply.

State law decides most of it. Each state sets its own permits and bans for exotic, native, venomous and dangerous animals, and cities and counties can be stricter. Find your state agency →

Not covered by the Animal Welfare Act

The Act only covers warm-blooded animals. Reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates have no federal care standards, even at licensed facilities; state and local rules may still apply.

Kept in captivity?

Every species on this site needs evidence that people actually keep it. For this one:

Has a Seriously Fish aquarium species profile
FishBase records it in the aquarium trade (Aquarium=commercial; AquariumFishII=based mainly on breeding)
36 iNaturalist observations of captive animals

Sources for this sheet

FishBase (Froese & Pauly, eds.), version 24.07 Peer-reviewed researchThe global scientific database on fishes, maintained by a consortium of research institutions; every value is referenced.
Seriously Fish species profiles Experienced keeper or breederLong-running aquarium reference written and peer-checked by experienced fishkeepers and ichthyologists; each profile covers habitat, tank size, water, diet, behaviour and breeding.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Management of aquarium fish Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Types and features of aquatic systems Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Merck Veterinary Manual: Nutritional diseases of fish Zoo, university or veterinaryThe Merck Veterinary Manual: a standard veterinary reference written and reviewed by veterinary specialists.
Seriously Fish — Aulonocara stuartgranti Zoo, university or veterinaryAdded in the 2026 source-checked care-guide review.
Wikipedia (species article) Community referenceFree encyclopedia; useful overviews with their own citations. Intro text is quoted under CC BY-SA 4.0.
iNaturalist (captive observations) Community referenceCommunity observation platform run by the California Academy of Sciences and National Geographic; observations marked captive show animals living in homes, zoos and aquariums.